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© 2003-2004 EFTrans

United States Code intent
United States Code about
www.gpoaccess.gov/uscode/about.html

Statutes at Large
supersede codes 

House of Representatives
Law Revision council

http://www.gpoaccess.gov/uscode/browse.html
Office of the Law Revision Counsel
Positive law codification is the process of preparing and enacting, one title at a time, a revision and restatement of the general and permanent laws of the United States.
Positive law codification bills prepared by the Office do not change the meaning or legal effect of a statute being revised and restated.  Rather, the purpose is to remove ambiguities, contradictions, and other imperfections from the law.

Lawyers and Judges in Collusion, By Judge John Fitzgerald Molloy
Made Miranda v. Arizona decision.

Separation of Powers doctrine
00:07:15
Opinion of judge is ok unless a party objects.

Legislature makes law
GPOaccess.gov/uscode   official version
 50 titles
 Title 12 Banks & Banking
USCA
USCS

13 Stat 99 covers banking, which covers the bulk of the rules in Title 12 USC

00:08:15

Judiciary to interpret the intent of Congress, i.e. he confirms the intent of Congress

Judge’s authority is only to state what the intent of Congress was.  When the case is appealed, that is when the intent of the Congress
He has no delegation of authority to go beyond that.

If judge doesn’t interpret, but makes his own law, then he is voiding contract, or exceeding jurisdiction.

1 USC Chapter 3, Sec. 204
The codes are “prima facie” evidence of law unless enacted into positive law in which case they are “legal” evidence of law.

[updated 05-04-2009]
Sec. 204. Codes and Supplements as evidence of the laws of 
        United States and District of Columbia; citation of Codes and 
        Supplements
        
    In all courts, tribunals, and public offices of the United States, 
at home or abroad, of the District of Columbia, and of each State, 
Territory, or insular possession of the United States--
    (a) United States Code.--The matter set forth in the edition of the 
Code of Laws of the United States current at any time shall, together 
with the then current supplement, if any, establish prima facie the laws 
of the United States, general and permanent in their nature, in force on 
the day preceding the commencement of the session following the last 
session the legislation of which is included: Provided, however, That 
whenever titles of such Code shall have been enacted into positive law 
the text thereof shall be legal evidence of the laws therein contained, 
in all the courts of the United States, the several States, and the 
Territories and insular possessions of the United States.
    (b) District of Columbia Code.--The matter set forth in the edition 
of the Code of the District of Columbia current at any time shall, 
together with the then current supplement, if any, establish prima facie 
the laws, general and permanent in their nature, relating to or in force 
in the District of Columbia on the day preceding the commencement of the 
session following the last session the legislation of which is included, 
except such laws as are of application in the District of Columbia by 
reason of being laws of the United States general and permanent in their 
nature.
    (c) District of Columbia Code; citation.--The Code of the District 
of Columbia may be cited as ``D.C. Code''.
    (d) Supplements to Codes; citation.--Supplements to the Code of Laws 
of the United States and to the Code of the District of Columbia may be 
cited, respectively, as ``U.S.C., Sup.    '', and ``D.C. Code, Sup.    
'', the blank in each case being filled with Roman figures denoting the 
number of the supplement.
    (e) New edition of Codes; citation.--New editions of each of such 
codes may be cited, respectively, as ``U.S.C.,    ed.'', and ``D.C. 
Code,     ed.'', the blank in each case being filled with figures 
denoting the last year the legislation of which is included in whole or 
in part.

00:10:15

The bulk of the codes come from a combination of legislated statutes and interpretive case law.

Codes can be found at http://www.gpoaccess.gov 

Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the House of Representative
Positive law codification is the process of preparing and enacting, one title at a time, a revision and restatement of the general and permanent laws of the United States.

00:13:50

Titles enacted into law:  
1 3 4 5 9 10 11 13 14 17 18 23 28 31 32 35 36 37 38 39 44 46 49
Titles Enacted = Legal evidence of the law, positive law
Titles not Enacted = prima facie evidence of law

http://uscode.house.gove

13 Stat. 99 has bulk of the Banks & Banking statutes
12 USC is the Banks and Banking codes
USCA & USCS same as USC, plus has annotations
USCA has “case holding” relative to the statutes

1 USC Chapter 3, Sec 204

00:19:00

Rectum = an accusation or a trial

00:20:00

Codes vs statutes

00:20:15

Title 62 of Statutes at Large, which is 13 Stat 99

Title 12 of Codes, Banks and Banking

00:20:40

Official source for the United States laws is Statute at Large and United States Code is only prima facie evidence of such laws.  Royer’s Inc. v. United States (1959, CA3 Pa) 265 F.2d 615, 59-1 USTC 9371, 3 AFTR 2d 1157l.

Statutes at Large are “legal evidence” of laws contained therein and are accepted as proof of those laws in any court of United States.  Bear v. United States (1985, DC Neb) 611 F Supp 589, affd (1987, CA8 Neb) 810 F.2d 153

Unless Congress affirmatively enacts title of United States Code into law, title is only prima facie* evidence of law.  Preston v. Heckler (1984, CA9 Alaska) 734 F.2d 1359, 34 CCHEPD 34433, later proceeding (1984, DC Alaska) 596 F Supp 1158.

Where title has not been enacted into positive law, title is only prima facie or reputable evidence of law, and if construction is necessary, recourse may be had to original statutes themselves.  United States v. Zuger (1984, DC Conn) 602 F Supp 889, affd without op (1985, CA2 Conn) 755 F.2d 915, cert den and app dismd (1985) 474 US 805, 88 L Ed 2d 32, 106 S Ct 38.

Even codification into positive law will not give code precedence where there is conflict between codification and Statutes at Large.  Warner v. Goltra (1934) 293 US 155, 79 L Ed 254, 55 S Ct 46; Stephan v. United States (1943) 319 US 423, 87 L Ed 1490, 63 S Ct 1135; United States v. Welden (1964) 377 US 95, 12 L 2d 152, 84 S Ct 1082.
United States Code does not prevail over Statutes at Large when the two are inconsistent.  Stephan v. United States (1943) 319 US 423, 87 L Ed 1490, 63 S Ct 1135; Peart v. The Motor Vessel Bering Explorer (1974, DC Alaska) 373 F Supp 927.

Although United States Code establishes prima facie what laws of United States are, to extent that provisions of United States Code are inconsistent with Statutes at Large, Statutes at Large will prevail.  Best Feed, Inc. v. United States (1965) 37 Cust Ct 1, 147 F Supp 749.

Where there is conflict between codification and Statutes at Large, Statutes at Large must prevail.  American Export Lines, Inc. v. United States (1961) 153 Ct Cl 207, 518 F.2d 1369, cert den (1976) 429 US 817, 50 L Ed 2d 76, 97 S Ct 59.

“This distinction between the Statutes at Large and the U.S.C. can be better understood in the context of positive and non-positive law.  A non-positive law title of the Code (such as Title 29 – Labor, for example) consists of Statutes at Large which have not been enacted directly to such title, but which have been codified to such title by the Law Revision Council.  On the other hand, in a positive law title (such as Title 10 – Armed Forces), Statutes at Large have been enacted directly to such title.  Because of this distinction, it is not uncommon to find such words as ‘title’ or ‘Act’ appearing in the text of a Statutes at Large which have been codified to a non-positive law title of the Code.  While we preserve such language in U.S.Cs. , the compilers of the U.S.C. substitute words such as ‘chapter’ or ‘subchapter.’  This substitutionary policy has, on several occasions, resulted in conflict between the U.S.C. and the Statutes at Large.  For example, in one case it was held that use of the word ‘Act’ in the Statutes at Large prevailed over substitution of the word ‘chapter’ by the compilers of the Code (see United states v. Vivian (1955, CA7 Ill.) 224 F.2d 53, cert den 350 US 953, 100 L Ed 830, 76 S.Ct. 340 (1956))

Other cases:
Warner v. Goltra (1934) 293 US 155, 79 L Ed. 254, 55 S. Ct. 46;
Stephan v. United States (1943) 319 US 423, 87 L Ed. 1490, 63 S.Ct. 1135;
Nashville Milk Co. v. Carnation Co. (1958) 355 US 373, 2 L Ed2d 340, 78 S.Ct. 352;
United States v. Welden (1964) 377 US 95, 12 L.Ed.2d 152, 84 S.Ct. 1082;
United States v. Neifert-White Co. (1968) 390 US 228, 19 L.Ed.2d 1061, 88 S.Ct. 959;
Goldstein v. Cox (1970) 396 US 471, 24 L.Ed.2d 663, 90 S.Ct. 671;
United states v. Bornstein (1976) 423 US 303, 46 L.Ed.2d 514, 96 S.Ct. 523;
American Bank & Trust Co. v. Dallas county (1983) 463 US 855, 77 L.Ed.2d 1072, 103 S.Ct. 3369

00:25:05

There are great differences between 12 USC and the statutes.

Federal Reserve Bank publications

Points of Interest
Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago
Public Information Center
P.O. Box 834
Chicago, IL 60690-0834
312-322-5111

“Banks and Deposit Creation
Depository institutions, which for simplicity we will call banks, are different from other financial institutions because they offer checking accounts and make loans by lending checkbook deposits.  The deposit creation activity, essentially creating money, affects interest rates because these deposits are part of savings, the source of the supply of credit.  Banks create deposits by making loans.  Rather than handing cash to borrowers, banks simply increase balances in borrowers’ checking accounts.  Borrowers can then draw checks to pay for goods and services.  This creation of checking accounts through loans is just as much a deposit as one we might make by pushing a ten-dollar bill through the teller’s window.  With all of the nation’s banks able to increase the supply of credit in this fashion, credit could conceivably expand without limit.  When banks create checkbook deposits, they create money as well as credit since these deposits re part of the money supply.”

Two Faces of Debt
Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago

Page 19, Paragraphs 3-5:
“For an individual institution, they arise typically when a depositor brings in currency or checks drawn on other institutions.  The depositor’s balance rises, but the currency he or she holds or the deposits someone else holds are reduced a corresponding amount.  The public’s total money supply is not changed.

But a depositor’s balance also rises when the depository institution extends credit either by granting a loan to or buying securities from the depositor.  In exchange for the note or security, the lending or investing institution credits the depositor’s account or gives a check that can be deposited at yet another depository institution.  In this case, no one else loses a deposit.  The total of currency and checkable deposits-the money supply-is increased.  New money has been brought into existence by expansion of depository institution credit.  Such newly created funds are in addition to funds that all financial institutions provide in their operations as Intermediaries between savers and users of savings.

But individual depository institutions cannot expand credit and create deposits without limit.  Furthermore, most of the deposits they create are soon transferred to other institutions.  A deposit created through lending is a debt that has to be paid on demand of the depositor, just the same as the debt arising from a customer’s deposit of checks or currency in a bank.”

00:31:20

PUBLIC DEBT:  PRIVATE ASSET

Debt as an Asset.

We all know what debt is when it is our own—we owe money to someone else.  On the other hand, it may not be so easy to understand that many of our financial assets are someone else’s debts.  For example, to a consumer a savings account at a bank is an asset.  However, to the bank it is a debt.

The bank owes us the money that is in our account.  We let the bank hold the money for us because it promises to pay us back with interest.  The bank then uses our money to make loans and to invest in other debt, including the government’s.

Like the savings account, most of us think of the $25 savings bond we received from grandma as a financial asset.  However, it is also a debt our government owes us.

Just as there must be a buyer for every seller in a sales transaction, for every debt incurred someone acquires a financial asset of equal value.  Debt, then, is considered an asset of the creditor, and a claim against the assets and earnings of the debtor. 

In terms of the national debt, every dollar of the government’s debt is someone’s asset.  Corporations, brokerage houses, bond-trading firms, foreign nationals, and U.S. citizens, both here and abroad, are all willing to loan money to the U.S. government.  They view the loan as an investment, an asset that increases their wealth.

00:32:50

National banking corporations are agencies or instruments of the general government, designed to aid in the administration of an important branch of the public service, and are an appropriate constitutional means to that end.  Pollard v. State, Ala 1880, 65 Ala 628.  See, also, Tarrant v. Bessemer Nat. Bank, 1913, 61 So 47, 7 Ala App 285.

00:35:00

Note:  An agent represents another person, by contract.  An agency or instrument is actually a part of the organization it represents.  It got its rights from the organization.  In this case we are talking about the agency being an extension of the government.

00:35:50

FOIA as it applies to banks (same as govt)
Asked for delegation of authority.  Whether bank has delegation of authority.
Treasury Delegation Order for Fifth Third Bank:  1.  Pursuant to Section 265 of Title 12, USC 90, 12 USC 266, and 12 USC 1464K, the Secretary of the Treasury has the authority to designate financial institution to be depositories and financial agents of the United States.
2.  By signing this memorandum the depository warrants or promises that it meets the requirements stated in 31 CFR part 202 to be designated as a depository financial agent of the government.

00:38:30

A national bank cannot lend its credit or become the guarantor of the obligation of another unless it owns or has an interest in the obligation guaranteed especially where it receives no benefits therefrom.  Citizens’ Nat. Bank of Cameron v. Good Roads Gravel Co., Tex.Civ.App 1921, 236 S.W. 153, dismissed w.o.j.
Note:  if you lend money to the bank, the bank does have a fiduciary interest.
A national bank has no power to guarantee the performance of a contract made for the sole benefit of another.  First Nat. Bank v. Crespi & Co., Tex.Civ.App. 1920, 217 S.W. 705, dismissed w.o.j.

National banks have no power to negotiate loans for others.  Pollock v. Lumbermen’s Nat. Bank of Portland, Or. 1917, 168 P. 616, 86 Or. 324.

A national bank cannot act as broker in lending its depositors’ money to third persons.  Byron v. First Nat. Bank of Rosenburg, Or. 1915, 146 P. 516, 75 Or. 296.

A national bank is not authorized to act as a broker in loaning the money of others.  Gro v. Cockrill, Ark. 1897, 39 S.W. 60, 63 Ark. 418.  See, also, Keyser v. Hitz, Dist Col 1883, 2 Mackey, 513.

Officers of national bank in handling its funds are acting in a fiduciary capacity, and cannot make loans and furnish money contrary to law or in such improvident manner as to imperil its funds.  First Nat. Bank v. Humphreys, Okla. 1917, 168 P. 410, 66 Okla 186

Representations made by bank president to proposed surety as to borrower’s assets, in connection with proposed loan by bank, held binding on bank.  Young v. Goetting, C.C.A.5 (Tex.) 1926, 16 F.2d 248.

Bank if liable for its vice president’s participation in scheme to defraud depositor by facilitating prompt withdrawal of his money.  National city Bank v. Carter, C.C.A.6 (Tenn) 1926 14 F.2d 940

A National bank receiving the proceeds of a customer’s note and mortgage with authority to pay out the same upon the first mortgage lien of real estate is acting in ultra virus and liable for breach of duty.

00:33:21

Who is the bank?
  Who has standing?

00:42:15

National bank is not authorized under national banking laws to lend deposited money on depositor’s behalf.  Carr v. Weiser State Bank of Weiser, Idaho 1937, 66 P.2d 1116, 57 Idaho 599.

Under this section, a national bank had no authority to enter into a contract for loaning money of a depositor kept in a deposit account through its cashier authorized by the depositor to draw thereon to make loans.  Holmes v. Uvalde Nat. Bank., TexCiv.App. 1920, 222 S.W. 640, error refused.

A bank has no right to loan the money of other persons.  Grow v. Cockrill, Ark. 1897, 39 S.W. 60, 63 Ark. 418.

A “deposit for a specified purpose” is one in the making of which a trust fund is constituted with respect to which a special duty as to its application is assumed by the bank.  Cooper v. National Bank of Savannah, GA.App. 1917, 94 S.E. 611, 21 GA.App. 356, certiorari granted 38 S.Ct. 423, 246 U.S. 670, 62 L.Ed. 931, Affirmed 40 S.Ct. 58, 251 U.S. 108, 64 L.Ed. 171.

Fund, deposited in bank for special purpose subject to depositor’s check, remains property of depositor.  U.S. Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corporation v. Atlantic corporation, D.C. Mass. 1925, 5 F.2d 529, error dismissed 16 F.2d 27.

‘In the case of a special deposit, the bank assumes merely the charge or custody of property, without authority to use it, and the depositor is entitled to receive back the identical money or thing deposited.  In such case, the right of property remains in the depositor, and if the deposit is of money, the bank may not mingle it with its own funds.  The relation created is that of bailor and bailee, and not that of debtor and creditor.’ 3 R.C.L. 522, Tuckerman v. Mearns, App.D.C. 1919, 262 F. 607, 49 App.D.C. 153

00:43:20 Modern Money Mechanics

People would redeem their “deposit receipts” whenever they needed gold or coins to purchase something, and physically take the gold or coins to the seller who, in turn, would deposit them for safekeeping, often with the same banker.  Everyone soon found that it was a lot easier simply to use the deposit receipts directly as a means of payment.  These receipts, which became known as notes, were acceptable as money since whoever held them could go to the banker and exchange them for metallic money.
	Then, bankers discovered that they could make loans merely by giving their promises to pay, or bank notes, to borrowers.  In this way, banks began to create money.  More notes could be issued than the gold and coin on hand because only a portion of the notes outstanding would be presented for payment at any one time.  Enough metallic money had to be kept on hand, of course, to redeem whatever volume of notes was presented for payment.
	Transaction deposits are the modern counterpart of bank notes.  It was a small step from printing notes to making book entries crediting deposits of borrowers which the borrowers in turn could spend by writing checks, thereby printing their own money.

00:47:00
Concerning mortgages

USCA 
Footnote 10, Promissory notes are only evidences of debt, and not debts themselves.  Wheeler v. Sohmer, comptroller of the State of New York

Question:  Where’s the debt?

The publications want you to believe that the note is payment.  And they are enforcing them in court by calling them obligations.

An obligation for one is an asset for another.  The banks are calling notes obligations aka assets.  Because a promissory note cannot be a debt, it also cannot be an asset.  “The notes are but the evidence of debt.”...“The debt due, of which the notes are evidence, is property vested in the owner.  Except, perhaps, where he has conferred authority upon someone else as his agent to loan, manage, receive, and collect the same for him, in such case it might be reasonably held that the situs of the property was the domicile of the agent.”  Wheeler v. Sohmer, comptroller of the State of New York.

In other words, the situs is the legal bond between you and the bank.

We now know that notes are not debt.  It can’t be a debt, it can’t be an asset.  We know that they can’t use the depositor’s money.  So, where does this money come from that they claim we owe them, and how did bank say they have the right to say we have an obligation?

FRB definition:  Money:  Anything that serves as a generally accepted medium of exchange, a standard of value, and a means of saving and storing purchasing power.

00:50:00

MORTGAGE

USCA
12 USC 3754 Authority to foreclose on mortgages.

00:50:44
59 Corpus Juris Secundum, MORTGAGES 2, Definitions
“The literal meaning of the word ‘mortgage’ is ‘dead pledge’.  A mortuum vadium.  The term mortgage may be employed as meaning the debt secured by the mortgage, but in its true sense an ordinary mortgage is not a debt as the debt is the principle obligation, and the mortgage is generally regarded as merely an incident or accessory to the debt.
A mortgage is an interest in land created by a written instrument providing security for the performance of a duty or payment of debt, and is usually evidenced by a note.”

A mortgage does not define where a debt truly is.  It is an accessory to a debt, not the debt itself.  

Supporting cases which worked because brought in were the statute and confirming court case:
Caddy vs. Cortite, New York
Tusty vs. Collins
Baker vs. Citizen State Bank of Louis Park
U.S. vs. Stanley

00:55:34
Intent of Congress re Banks and Banking
13 Stat 99, aka 62 Stat

Cornell Law, on the right in the note section, then go into the source, and it will tell you the statute.

In 12 USC, there are 33 references to 62 revised statutes which is 13 Stat 99 [13th Congress, page 99].  Consists of 20 pages of Banks & Banking which are expanded into 4 volumes with hundreds/thousands of sections in 12 USC.  

“13 Stat. 102 (1864), Sec. 9.  And be it further amended, That the affairs of every association shall be managed by not less than five directors, one of whom shall be the president.  Every director shall, during his whole term of service, be a citizen of the United States; and at least three fourths of the directors shall have resided in the state, territory, or district in which each association is located one year next preceding their election as directors, and be residents of the same during their continuance in office.  Each director shall own, in his own right, at least ten shares of the capital stock of the association of which he is a director.  Each director, when appointed or elected, shall take an oath that he will, so far as the duty devolves on him, diligently and honestly administer the affairs of such association, and will not knowingly violate, or willingly permit to be violated, any of the provisions of this act, and that he is the bona fide owner, in his own right, of the number of shares of stock required by this act, subscribed by him, or standing in his name on the books of the association, and that the name is not hypothecated, or in any way pledged, as security for any loan or debt; which oath, subscribed by himself, and certified by the officer before whom it is taken, shall be immediately transmitted to the comptroller of the currency, and by him filed and preserved in his office.”

01:00:05

12 USC has about 64 sections which are positive law, and the rest are assumptions, beliefs, and opinions of the Law Revision Council.  

01:02:00

[updated 05-04-2009]
Sec. 83. Loans by bank on its own stock
(a) General prohibition
    No national bank shall make any loan or discount on the security of 
the shares of its own capital stock.
(b) Exclusion
    For purposes of this section, a national bank shall not be deemed to 
be making a loan or discount on the security of the shares of its own 
capital stock if it acquires the stock to prevent loss upon a debt 
previously contracted for in good faith.

Capital stock is the money the directors put into the “pool” which thus creates the stock of the company.  That money cannot be pulled out or touched because the stock would then deflate instantly.  They cannot loan it out, or pledge it because it has already been pledged here as capital stock.

01:03:19

13 Stat. 35.  And be it further enacted, ‘That no association shall make any loan or discount on the security of the shares of its own capital stock, nor be the purchaser or holder of any such shares, unless such security or purchase shall be necessary to prevent loss upon a debt previously contracted in good faith; and stock so purchased or acquired shall, within six months from the time of its purchase, be sold or disposed of at public or private sale, in default of which a receiver may be appointed to close up the business of the association, according to the provisions of this act.
	[The above underlined wording is left out of the code.  Perhaps also the next section 36.]
Sec. 36.  And be it further enacted, That no association shall at any time be indebted, or in any way liable, to an amount exceeding the amount of its capital stock at such time actually paid in and remaining undiminished by losses or otherwise, except on the following accounts, that is to say:--
	First.  On account of its notes of circulation.
	Second.  On account of moneys deposited with, or collected by, such association.
	Third.  On account of bills of exchange or drafts drawn against money actually on deposit to the credit of such association, or due thereto.
	Fourth.  On account of liabilities to its stockholders for dividends and reserved profits.
	Sec. 37.  And be it further amended, That no association shall, either directly or indirectly, pledge or hypothecate any of its note of circulation, for the purpose of procuring money to be paid in on its capital stock, or to be used in its banking operations, or otherwise; nor shall any association use its circulating notes, or any part thereof, in any manner or form, to create or increase its capital stock.
	Sec. 38.  And be it further enacted, That no association, or any member thereof, shall, during the time it shall continue its banking operations, withdraw, or permit to be withdrawn, either in form of dividends or otherwise, any portion of its capital.  And if losses shall at any time have been sustained by any such association equal to or exceeding its undivided profits then on hand, no dividend shall be made; and no dividend shall ever be made by any association, while it shall continue its banking operations, to an amount greater than its net profits then on hand, deducting therefrom its losses and bad debts.  And all debts due to any...

The bank cannot use its own capital stock, depositors’ money, and cannot lend credit.  When an account is opened, there is no negotiation in which the bank says it is going to lend the depositors money.  That violates the requirement that each contracting party must be fully informed of what’s going on relating to the contract.  That lack of knowledge makes the contract void (not voidable).  A void contract means it never existed.  A voidable contract is one that exists but is not valid due to bad faith, breach of contract, etc.  

01:06:33

Re Sec. 37:  The bank may not pledge or hypothecate any of its notes for any reason whatsoever, because of the word “otherwise”.

01:07:00

Since the bank cannot use its notes, that brings up the question, “Whose  issued the note?”  The bank could not have issued it because, if it did, that would violate the federal law.

The note only has one place for a signature.  There is no place for the bank to sign.  The signature is that of the “borrower”.  That note belongs to you.  But, it cannot be a debt according to the case law.  And, if it is not a debt, according to the FRB publications, then it cannot be an asset.  In other words, the note is an accessory to the debt, not the debt.  In law, the mortgage is also just an accessory to the debt; it is neither debt nor asset.

01:09:00

The original note:  without it being brought forth in an action, the alleged “holder” of the note has no rights, for 2 reasons:
	1.  The original note is used to prove the note was duly negotiated.
		Duly negotiated = a transfer, sale, exchange, or delivery; according to the Securities and Exchange Act.
When you sign the note and give it to the bank, it has been transferred, regardless of any other factors.
	2. To assure, if I’m accused by a bank under the note, if a judge honors in favor of the bank, the original note may resurface later and I might could be charged twice for the same thing.

01:11:20

Supporting cases:

A promise to pay cannot, by argument, however ingenious, be made the equivalent of actual payment.  Christensen v. Beebe, 91 P.129, 32 Utah 406

McCay v. CAPITAL RESOURCES COPANY, LTD. 96-200 S.W.2D 1997
Where appellee apparently never possessed appellants’ original note as provided in Ark. Code Ann. [] 4-3-309(a)(i) (Repl. 1991), but was required, even if it had, to have proven all three factors specified in []4-3-309(a) and did not do so, appellee could not enforce the original note’s terms by the use of a copy, even if all three requirements in []4-3-309(a) had been proven, the trial court was still obligated to ensure that appellee provided adequate protection to the appellants from any future claim, and this, too, was not done.  First as previously discussed, we mention the unfairness in these circumstances that, if a duplicate was allowed in place of the original note, the McKays could later be subjected to double liability if the actual holder of the note appeared.  Next, we add that the Rules of Evidence are rules of the court involving legal proceedings, while the UCC is composed of statues of law that established the rights and liabilities of persons.  Again, as previously discussed, Capital Resources, as an assignee of the McKays’ note, could nt sue on the underlying debt the McKays owed to Landmark Savings.  For Capital Resources to have prevailed in enforcing the McKays’ note, it was required either to produce the original or satisfy the requirements for a lsot negotiable instrument under []4-3-309(a) and (b).  Because Capital failed to do either, we must reverse and remand.

Mortgage Securities Inc. v. Hartley LORD, Ne. 4D02-4051. July 23, 2003.
Mortgagee by assignment brought foreclosure action.  The Circuit Court, 15th Judicial Circuit, Palm Beach County, Edward Fine and John Wessel, II., entered summary judgment for mortgager.  Mortgagee appealed.  The District Court of Appeal, Stone, J., held that mortgagee could not maintain cause of action to enforce missing promissory note or foreclose mortgage, in absence of proof that mortgagee or assignor ever had possession of note.

Note:  burden of proof lies on the appellant.  Otherwise, debtor must prove that the bank never had it, and the bank must prove that it did have it.  [In other words, the burden of prove is on the initiating party.]

01:13:48

LORRAINE C. TILLMAN v. VIRGINIA SAVAGE SMITH (07/25/85)
The purpose of the section is well expressed by commentator Carl W. Ehrhardt as follows: [21]  The drafters of the Code excluded from the general rule of admissibility of duplicates these documents because the possessor of the documents is the owner of the oblgation that they represent and the party who may bring a cause of action based on the document.  Therefore, the person who possesses the duplicate may not possess the cause of action.  For example, if A makes a Xerox copy of a promissory note and subsequently negotiates the original to B, under section 90.953(1), A, the transferor, is not able to sue on the Xerox copy of the promissory note. [22]  Ehrhardt, Florida Evidence § 953.1 (2d ed. 1984).  See also Lowery v. State, 402 So.2d 1287 (Fla.5th DCA 1981).  To fall under section 90.953(1), the agreement would have not only to evidence a right to the payment of money, but be “of a type that is transferred by delivery in the ordinary course of business with any necessary endorsement or assignment* (emphasis added).

Mason v. Rubin, 727 So.2d 283, 37 UCC Rep.Serv.2d 1087 (Fla.App. Dist. 4 02/10/1999)  Establishing a lost negotiable instrument is governed by a different statute, section 673.3091, Florida Statutes (1993).  The latter statute contains more stringent requirements than the former, and the trial court correctly concluded that the husband did not satisfy section 673.3091.

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FIGUEREDO v. BANK ESPIRITO SANTO No. 88-1808 Jan. 31, 1989, FL Third District.
The plaintiff failed to produce for admission into evidence the original copy of a negotiable promissory instrument as is expressly required by section 90.953(1), Florida Statutes (1987).  For this reason, the final judgment of foreclosure is vacated with directions for the trial court to receive the original promissory note in evidence.

01:15:30

SMS Financial LLC v. Abco Homes, Inc. No. 98-50117 February 18, 1999 (167 F.3d. 235; 5th Circuit Court of appeals.)
Where the complaining party can not prove the existence of the note, then there is no note.  To recover on a promissory note, the plaintiff must prove:  (1) the existence of the note in question; (2) that the party sued signed the note; (3) that the plaintiff is the owner or holder of the note; and (4) that a certain balance is due and owing on the note.  Since no one is able to produce the “instrument” there is no copetent evidence before the Court that any party is the holder of the alleged note or the true holder in due course.  New Jersey common law dictates that the plaintiff prove the existence of the alleged note in question, prove that the party sued signed the alleged note, prove that the plaintiff is the owner and holder of the alleged note, and prove that certain balance is due and owing on any alleged note.  Federal Circuit Courts have ruled that the only way to prove the perfection of any security is by actual possession of the security.  See Matter of Staff Mortg. & Inv. Corp., 550 F.2d 1228 (9th Cir. 1977), “Under the Uniform Commercial Code, the only notice sufficient to inform all interested parties that a security interest in instruments has been perfected is actual possession by the secured party, his agent or bailee.”  Bankruptcy Courts have followed the Uniform Commercial Code.  In Re Investors & Lenders, Ltd. 165 B.R. 389 (Bkrtcy I) N.J. 1994).  Unequivocally the Court’s rule is that in order to prove the “instrument”, possession is mandatory.  In addition to the note, another element of proof is necessary—an accounting that is signed and dated by the person responsible for the account.  Claim of damages, to be admissible as evidence. Must incorporate records such as a general ledger and accounting of an alleged unpaid promissory note, the person responsible for preparing and maintaining the account general ledger must provide a complete accounting which must be sworn to and dated by the person who maintained the ledger.  See Pacific Concrete F.C.U.V. Kauanoe, 62 Haw. 334, 614 P.2d 936 (1980), GE Capital Hawaii, Inc. v. Yonenaka, 25 P.3d 807, 96 Hawaii 32, (Hawaii App 2001), Fooks v. Norwich Housing Authority 28 Conn. I. Rptr. 

01:15:43

See § 90.953, West’s Fla. Stat. Annot. (1979)(Sponsor’s Note); C. Ehrhardt, Florida Evidence §953.1, at 605 & n5; Lowery v. State, 402 So.2d 1287, 1288-89 (Fla. 5th DCA 1981).
90.953(1). Florida Statutes, is misplaced.  The purpose of that subsection is to require production of the original where there is an action on a negotiable instrument.  In such instances, the original instrument must be brought forward both to demonstrate the right to payment and to preclude the possibility that the instrument has already been negotiated.
[11]  State Street sought to establish the pronmissory note and mortgage under section 71.011, Florida Statutes.  State Street alleged that Hartley executed the note and mortgage and that, after multiple assignments, the documents were assigned to State Street by EMC Mortgage Corporation.  Although State Street alleged in its pleading that the original documents were received by it, the record established that State Street never had possession of the original note and, further, that its assignor, EMC, never had possession of the note and, thus, was not able to transfer the original note to State Street.
[12]  The trial court correctly concluded that as State Street never had actual or constructive possession of the promissory note, State Street could not, as a matter of law, maintain a cause of action to enforce the note or foreclose the mortgage.  The right to enforce the lost instrument was not properly assigned where neither State Street nor its predecessor in interest possessed the note and did not otherwise satisfy the requirements of section 673.3091, Florida Statutes, at the time of the assignement.  See Slizyk v. Smilack, 825 So. 2d 428, 430 (Fla. 4th DCA 2002).
In Mason v. Rubin, 727 So. 2d 283 (Fla. 4th DCA 1999), the appellant brought a foreclosure action on a second mortgage, the trial court denied the foreclosure, and this court affirmed on the basis that the appellant had failed to establish the lost note under section 673.3091.  Likewise, here, where State Street failed to comply with section 673.3091, the trial court correctly entered summary judgment denying its foreclosure claim. *fn1
In contrast, here, the undisputed evidence was that EMC, the assignor, never had possession of the notes and, thus, could not enforce the note under section 673.3091 governing lost notes.  Because EMC cold not enforce the lost note under section 673.3091, it had no power of enforcement which it could assign to State Street.

RAYMOND E. SHORES AND MARCENE G. SHORES v. FIRST FLORIDA RESOURCE CORPORATION (10/11/72)
Appellants are entitled to assurance that they will not later be sued by a holder of these instruments....If there are parties having any claim to these instruments they should be brought into the action and the matter determined.  The instruments should then be reestablished, recorded and an appropriate judgment entered.

http://www.judicial_state.ia.us/appeals/opinions/20040909/02-1889.asp
No. 4-561 02.1889 Filed September 9, 2004 CHASE MANHATTEN MORTGAGE CORPORATION vs LYNN B. GOODRICH and LEANA M GOODRICH
Several of the separate contentions articulated by the Goodriches posit that the summary judgment record was insufficient to support the summary judgment and decree of foreclosure.  Central to these contentions is the mistaken notion that a judgment of foreclosure could not be entered because Chase failed to produce the original of the promissory note.  Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.961 contemplates that judgment on a note may be entered without production of the original note if the court so orders.  The district court did by order authorize the foreclosure despite Chase’s failure to produce the original note.  Thus, we conclude the summary judgment record was not insufficient to support the judgment of foreclosure despite Chase’s failure to produce the original of the note.  Our resolution of this issue is strongly influenced by the fact that the Goodriches make no contention that either Chase’s Lost Note Affidavit or the foreclosure decree misstated any term of the promissory note.

247 U.S. 142; 38 S. Ct. 452; 62 L. Ed. 1038 MARIN v. AUGEDAHL No. 227
In Thompson v. Whitman, 18 Wall. 457, a decision obviously “rendered on great... 

01:16:08

See these cases mention above
RAYMOND E. SHORES AND MARCENE G. SHORES v. FIRST FLORIDA RESOURCE CORPORATION (10/11/72)
No. 4-561 02.1889 Filed September 9, 2004 CHASE MANHATTEN MORTGAGE CORPORATION vs LYNN B. GOODRICH and LEANA M GOODRICH

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